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<title>Auger effect</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Auger effect</span></span>

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<p>The <b>Auger effect</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">

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</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa">[ˈ/o.ʒe/]</span>) or <b>Meitner-Auger effect</b> is a physical phenomenon in which <a href="Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> eject <a href="Electrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrons">electrons</a>. It occurs when an <a href="Inner-shell_electrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner-shell electrons">inner-shell</a> vacancy in an <a href="Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> is filled by an electron, releasing energy that causes the emission of another electron from a different shell of the same atom.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>When a <a href="Core_electron" title="Core electron">core electron</a> is removed, leaving a vacancy, an electron from a higher energy level may fall into the vacancy, resulting in a release of <a href="Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>. For light atoms (Z<12), this energy is most often transferred to a valence electron which is subsequently ejected from the atom.<sup id="cite_ref-Photoabsorption_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Photoabsorption-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This second ejected electron is called an <b>Auger electron</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For heavier atomic nuclei, the release of the energy in the form of an emitted <a href="Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> becomes gradually more probable.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effect">Effect</h2></div>

<p>Upon ejection, the <a href="Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> of the Auger electron corresponds to the difference between the energy of the initial <a href="Electronic_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic transition">electronic transition</a> into the vacancy and the <a href="Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">ionization energy</a> for the <a href="Electron_shell" title="Electron shell">electron shell</a> from which the Auger electron was ejected. These energy levels depend on the type of atom and the chemical environment in which the atom was located.

</p><p><a href="Auger_electron_spectroscopy" title="Auger electron spectroscopy">Auger electron spectroscopy</a> involves the emission of Auger electrons by bombarding a sample with either <a href="X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> or energetic electrons and measures the intensity of Auger electrons that result as a function of the Auger electron energy. The resulting spectra can be used to determine the identity of the emitting atoms and some information about their environment.

</p><p><a href="Carrier_generation_and_recombination#Auger_recombination" title="Carrier generation and recombination">Auger recombination</a> is a similar Auger effect which occurs in <a href="Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a>. An electron and <a href="Electron_hole" title="Electron hole">electron hole</a> (electron-hole pair) can recombine, giving up their energy to an electron in the <a href="Conduction_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Conduction band">conduction band</a>, increasing its energy. The reverse effect is known as <a href="Impact_ionization" title="Impact ionization">impact ionization</a>.

</p><p>The Auger effect can impact biological molecules such as DNA. Following the K-shell ionization of the component atoms of DNA, Auger electrons are ejected, leading to damage to its sugar-phosphate backbone.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2></div>

<p>The Auger emission process was observed and published in 1922 by <a href="Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an Austrian-Swedish physicist, as a side effect in her competitive search for the nuclear beta electrons with the British physicist <a href="Charles_Drummond_Ellis" title="Charles Drummond Ellis">Charles Drummond Ellis</a>.

</p><p>The French physicist <a href="Pierre_Victor_Auger" title="Pierre Victor Auger">Pierre Victor Auger</a> independently discovered it in 1923<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> upon analysis of a Wilson <a href="Cloud_chamber" title="Cloud chamber">cloud chamber</a> experiment and it became the central part of his PhD work.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-energy X-rays were applied to ionize gas particles and observe <a href="Photoelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoelectric">photoelectric</a> electrons. The observation of electron tracks that were independent of the frequency of the incident photon suggested a mechanism for electron ionization that was caused by an internal conversion of energy from a radiationless transition. Further investigation and theoretical work using elementary quantum mechanics and transition rate/transition probability calculations showed that the effect was a radiationless effect more than an internal conversion effect.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Auger_therapy" title="Auger therapy">Auger therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Carrier_generation_and_recombination" title="Carrier generation and recombination">Charge carrier generation and recombination</a></li>

<li><a href="Characteristic_X-ray" title="Characteristic X-ray">Characteristic X-ray</a></li>

<li><a href="Coster%E2%80%93Kronig_transition" title="Coster–Kronig transition">Coster–Kronig transition</a></li>

<li><a href="Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">Electron capture</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiative_Auger_effect" title="Radiative Auger effect">Radiative Auger effect</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="IUPAC_books" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC books">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, 5th ed. (the "Gold Book") (2025). Online version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/A00520.html">Auger effect</a>". <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.A00520">10.1351/goldbook.A00520</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Photoabsorption-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Photoabsorption_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBerkowitz" class="citation book cs1">Berkowitz. <i>Photoabsorption, Photoionization, and Photoelectron Spectroscopy</i>. Academic Press. p. 156. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-091650-4.50011-6">10.1016/B978-0-12-091650-4.50011-6</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-12-091650-4</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="IUPAC_books" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC books">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, 5th ed. (the "Gold Book") (2025). Online version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/A00521.html">Auger electron</a>". <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.A00521">10.1351/goldbook.A00521</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFYokoyaIto2017" class="citation journal cs1">Yokoya, Akinari; Ito, Takashi (2017-08-03). "Photon-induced Auger effect in biological systems: a review". <i>International Journal of Radiation Biology</i>. <b>93</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">743–</span>756. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09553002.2017.1312670">10.1080/09553002.2017.1312670</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0955-3002">0955-3002</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28397587">28397587</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFL._Meitner1922" class="citation journal cs1">L. Meitner (1922). "Über die Entstehung der β-Strahl-Spektren radioaktiver Substanzen". <i>Z. Phys</i>. <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">131–</span>144. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1922ZPhy....9..131M">1922ZPhy....9..131M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01326962">10.1007/BF01326962</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121637546">121637546</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Auger: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3130n.image.f187.langFR">Sur les rayons β secondaires produits dans un gaz par des rayons X</a>, C.R.A.S. 177 (1923) 169–171.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDuparc2009" class="citation journal cs1">Duparc, Olivier Hardouin (2009). "Pierre Auger – Lise Meitner: Comparative contributions to the Auger effect". <i>International Journal of Materials Research</i>. <b>100</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">1162–</span>1166. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009IJMR..100.1162H">2009IJMR..100.1162H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3139%2F146.110163">10.3139/146.110163</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229164774">229164774</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBurhop1952" class="citation book cs1">Burhop, E. H. S (1952-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/augereffectother0000ehsb/mode/2up"><i>The Auger effect and other radiationless transitions (Cambridge monographs on physics)</i></a>. University Press.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChattarji1976" class="citation book cs1">Chattarji, Dipankar (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theoryofaugertra0000chat"><i>The theory of auger transitions</i></a>. London; New York: Academic Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-12-169850-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

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</style><div id="X-ray_science96" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;">Characteristics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Absorption_edge" title="Absorption edge">Absorption edge</a></li>

<li><a href="Moseley's_law" title="Moseley's law">Moseley's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Synchrotron_radiation" title="Synchrotron radiation">Synchrotron radiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_window" title="Water window">Water window</a></li>

<li><a href="Siegbahn_notation" title="Siegbahn notation">Siegbahn notation</a></li>

<li><a href="Characteristic_X-ray" title="Characteristic X-ray">Characteristic X-ray</a></li>

<li><a href="High-energy_X-rays" title="High-energy X-rays">High-energy X-rays</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;">Sources and instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Betatron" title="Betatron">Betatron</a></li>

<li><a href="Synchrotron" title="Synchrotron">Synchrotron</a></li>

<li><a href="Synchrotron_light_source" title="Synchrotron light source">Synchrotron light source</a></li>

<li><a href="Free-electron_laser" title="Free-electron laser">Free-electron laser</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;">Interaction with matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Rayleigh scattering</a></li>

<li><a href="Photoelectric_effect" title="Photoelectric effect">Photoelectric effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Compton_scattering" title="Compton scattering">Compton scattering</a></li>

<li><a href="Photoionization" title="Photoionization">Photoionization</a></li>

<li><a href="Photodisintegration" title="Photodisintegration">Photodisintegration</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiation_damage" title="Radiation damage">Radiation damage</a></li>

<li><a href="Anomalous_X-ray_scattering" title="Anomalous X-ray scattering">Anomalous X-ray scattering</a></li>

<li><a href="X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">X-ray diffraction</a></li>

<li><a href="X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">X-ray fluorescence</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Imaging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="X-ray_radiography" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray radiography">X-ray radiography</a></li>

<li><a href="Panoramic_radiograph" title="Panoramic radiograph">Panoramic radiography</a></li>

<li><a href="Tomosynthesis" title="Tomosynthesis">Tomosynthesis</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Helical_CT" class="mw-redirect" title="Helical CT">Helical CT</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Soft_x-ray_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft x-ray microscopy">Soft x-ray microscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Ptychography" title="Ptychography">Ptychography</a></li>

<li><a href="Diffraction_tomography" title="Diffraction tomography">Diffraction tomography</a>

<li><a href="X-Ray_Fluorescence_Imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging">X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging</a></li>

<li><a href="X-ray_telescope" title="X-ray telescope">X-ray telescope</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spectroscopy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Angle-resolved_photoemission_spectroscopy" title="Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy">ARPES</a></li>

<li><a href="Extended_X-ray_absorption_fine_structure" title="Extended X-ray absorption fine structure">EXAFS</a></li>

<li><a href="X-ray_absorption_near_edge_structure" title="X-ray absorption near edge structure">XANES</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="X-ray_scattering_techniques" title="X-ray scattering techniques">Scattering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a></li>

<li><a href="X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">X-ray diffraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Backscatter_X-ray" title="Backscatter X-ray">Backscatter X-ray</a></li>

<li><a href="Grazing-incidence_small-angle_scattering" title="Grazing-incidence small-angle scattering">GISAXS</a></li>

<li><a href="X-ray_reflectivity" title="X-ray reflectivity">X-ray reflectivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy-dispersive_X-ray_diffraction" title="Energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction">EDXRD</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="X-ray_astronomy" title="X-ray astronomy">X-ray astronomy</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_X-ray_astronomy" title="History of X-ray astronomy">History</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="X-ray_lithography" title="X-ray lithography">X-ray lithography</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electron_microscopy389" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Electron_microscopy389" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">Electron microscopy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">Electron microscope</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of electron microscopy">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</a></li>

<li><a href="Microscope" title="Microscope">Microscope</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_microscope_technology" title="Timeline of microscope technology">Timeline of microscope technology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Electron" title="Electron">Electron</a> interaction<br>with matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">Bremsstrahlung</a></li>

<li><a href="Electron_diffraction" title="Electron diffraction">Electron diffraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Electron_scattering" title="Electron scattering">Electron scattering</a></li>

<li><a href="Kikuchi_lines_(physics)" title="Kikuchi lines (physics)">Kikuchi lines</a></li>

<li><a href="Secondary_electrons" title="Secondary electrons">Secondary electrons</a></li>

<li><a href="X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">X-ray fluorescence</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Detectors_for_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Detectors for transmission electron microscopy">Detectors for transmission electron microscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Electron_gun" title="Electron gun">Electron gun</a></li>

<li><a href="Everhart%E2%80%93Thornley_detector" title="Everhart–Thornley detector">Everhart–Thornley detector</a></li>

<li><a href="Field_electron_emission" title="Field electron emission">Field electron emission</a></li>

<li><a href="Field_emission_gun" title="Field emission gun">Field emission gun</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic_lens" title="Magnetic lens">Magnetic lens</a></li>

<li><a href="Stigmator" title="Stigmator">Stigmator</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microscopes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Electron_microprobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron microprobe">EM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Liquid-Phase_Electron_Microscopy" title="Liquid-Phase Electron Microscopy">Liquid-Phase EM</a></li>

<li><a href="Low-energy_electron_microscopy" title="Low-energy electron microscopy">Low-energy EM</a></li>

<li><a href="Photoemission_electron_microscopy" title="Photoemission electron microscopy">Photoemission EM</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">SEM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Environmental_scanning_electron_microscope" title="Environmental scanning electron microscope">Environmental SEM</a></li>

<li><a href="Scanning_electron_cryomicroscopy" title="Scanning electron cryomicroscopy">CryoSEM</a></li>

<li><a href="Scanning_confocal_electron_microscopy" title="Scanning confocal electron microscopy">Confocal SEM</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Transmission electron microscopy">TEM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Energy_filtered_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy">EFTEM</a></li>

<li><a href="High-resolution_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="High-resolution transmission electron microscopy">HRTEM</a></li>

<li><a href="Aberration-Corrected_Transmission_Electron_Microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberration-Corrected Transmission Electron Microscopy">Aberration-Corrected TEM</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Annular_dark-field_imaging" title="Annular dark-field imaging">Annular dark-field imaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Cathodoluminescence" title="Cathodoluminescence">Cathodoluminescence</a></li>

<li><a href="Charge_contrast_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Charge contrast imaging">Charge contrast imaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryogenic_electron_microscopy" title="Cryogenic electron microscopy">cryoEM</a></li>

<li><a href="Dark-field_microscopy" title="Dark-field microscopy">Dark-field microscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Electron_holography" title="Electron holography">Electron holography</a></li>

<li><a href="Electron_tomography" title="Electron tomography">Electron tomography</a></li>

<li><a href="Immune_electron_microscopy" title="Immune electron microscopy">Immune electron microscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Geometric_phase_analysis" title="Geometric phase analysis">Geometric phase analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Photon-Induced_Near-field_Electron_Microscopy" title="Photon-Induced Near-field Electron Microscopy">PINEM</a></li>

<li><a href="Precession_electron_diffraction" title="Precession electron diffraction">Precession electron diffraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Serial_block-face_scanning_electron_microscopy" title="Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy">Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Albert_Crewe" title="Albert Crewe">Albert Crewe</a></li>

<li><a href="Bodo_von_Borries" title="Bodo von Borries">Bodo von Borries</a></li>

<li><a href="Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Dennis Gabor</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernst_G._Bauer" title="Ernst G. Bauer">Ernst G. Bauer</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ernst Ruska</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerasimos_Danilatos" title="Gerasimos Danilatos">Gerasimos Danilatos</a></li>

<li><a href="Harald_Rose" title="Harald Rose">Harald Rose</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Hillier" title="James Hillier">James Hillier</a></li>

<li><a href="Manfred_von_Ardenne" title="Manfred von Ardenne">Manfred von Ardenne</a></li>

<li><a href="Max_Knoll" title="Max Knoll">Max Knoll</a></li>

<li><a href="Maximilian_Haider" title="Maximilian Haider">Maximilian Haider</a></li>

<li><a href="Nestor_J._Zaluzec" title="Nestor J. Zaluzec">Nestor J. Zaluzec</a></li>

<li><a href="Ondrej_Krivanek" title="Ondrej Krivanek">Ondrej Krivanek</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Eugene_Everhart" title="Thomas Eugene Everhart">Thomas Eugene Everhart</a></li>

<li><a href="Vernon_Ellis_Cosslett" title="Vernon Ellis Cosslett">Vernon Ellis Cosslett</a></li>

<li><a href="Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="FEI_Company" title="FEI Company">FEI Company</a></li>

<li><a href="Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi High-Technologies</a></li>

<li><a href="Leica_Microsystems" title="Leica Microsystems">Leica</a></li>

<li><a href="Nion_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Nion Company">Nion Company</a></li>

<li><a href="TESCAN" title="TESCAN">TESCAN</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermo_Fisher_Scientific" title="Thermo Fisher Scientific">Thermo Fisher Scientific</a></li>

<li><a href="Zeiss_(company)" title="Zeiss (company)">Zeiss</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gegi.usherbrooke.ca/casino/index.html">CASINO</a></li>

<li><a href="CrysTBox" title="CrysTBox">CrysTBox</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/EMsoft-org/EMsoft">EMsoft</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gatan.com/products/tem-analysis/gatan-microscopy-suite-software">Digital Micrograph</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct_methods_(electron_microscopy)" title="Direct methods (electron microscopy)">Direct methods</a></li>

<li><a href="Multislice" title="Multislice">Multislice</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electron_microscopy" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Electron microscopy">Commons</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases: National </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4143465-1">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-05" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Auger_effect&oldid=1294150865">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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